ENJOY TURKEY 土耳其之行
简介
Introduction
土耳其概述
基本资料
Information
土耳其的历史
土耳其地理状况
景点颉英
Places of Interest
安卡拉
伊斯坦布尔 ISTANBUL
伊兹密尔 IZMIR
MUGLA
ANTALYA
节庆习俗
Festivals and Customs
民风民俗
吃住娱购
Good Times
Culture & Climate & Food
旅行须知
Practical Tips
爱因斯特土耳其
IAESTE Turkey
Link
The Turkish landscape 土耳其概述
土耳其是西亚的古老国家之一，是中国历史上的突厥人迁居小亚细亚半岛后建立的，其前身是强大的奥斯曼帝国。土耳其国土北接黑海，西邻爱琴海，滨海地区多海湾和岛屿，风景秀丽，沙滩处处，是旅游度假的好地方。
土耳其拥有世界七大奇迹中的两个：阿台缪斯神庙和毛瑟陆斯陵墓。此外东罗马帝国和奥斯曼帝国时代留下的建筑遗迹，是世界建筑艺术的珍品。土耳其首都安卡拉位于安那托利亚高原中部,是一座有3000年历史的古城,城内有大量的古罗马时期的历史
文化遗迹，如奥古斯丁神殿等。伊斯坦布尔是土耳其最大的城市,它横跨博斯普鲁斯海峡两岸,是一座连接欧亚的名城。伊斯坦布尔一直是奥斯曼苏丹的统治中心,是一个伊斯兰化的地方,城内到处是华丽壮美的清真寺。在远离中心城市的地方,土耳其也有很多值得一游的地方,如亚罗瓦温泉,特洛伊城遗址、观鸟胜地库什湖、世界奇景卡帕多利亚地形等。
Turkey (Turkiye in Turkish) is a country located at a point where the 3 continents of the old world (Asia, Africa and Europe) are closest to each other and where Asia and Europe meet.
Because of its geographical location, Anatolia has always been important throughout history and is the birthplace of many great civilizations.
The surface area of Turkey including the lakes is 814,578 km2 / 314,503 sq miles. It is much larger than many European countries or even Texas (18%) in the US. Out of the total land, 97% is in Asia and this part is called Anatolia or Asia Minor; 3% is in Europe which is called Thrace.
Although 97% of Turkey is located in Asia, in many respects it is accepted as a European country and as a result, Turkey takes its place in nearly all European contests and associations.
Turkey is rectangular in shape with a length of 1,660 km / 1,031 miles and a width of 550 km / 341 miles.
国名：土耳其共和国（the Republic of Turkey）。
国名释义："土耳其"一词由"突厥"演变而来。在鞑靼语中，"突厥"是"勇敢"的意思，"土耳其"意即"勇敢人的国家"。
国歌：《独立进行曲》。
国花：郁金香。
面积：780576平方千米。
人口：6000万（1993年）。
民族：土耳其人占总人口的80%以上，其余为库尔德人、阿拉伯人、亚美尼亚人等。
宗教：居民中98%信奉伊斯兰教。
语言：土耳其语为官方语言。
首都：安卡拉。
主要城市：伊斯坦布尔、伊兹密尔、阿达纳、布尔萨。
货币：土耳其里拉。
The History landscape 土耳其的历史
同自然风光一样奇妙的是悠久灿烂的土耳其历史文化。公元前2000年至公元1500年之间，土耳其是世界文明的中心。安卡拉的安那托利亚文明博物馆里，你会看到约公元前7000年的世界最早农耕群落的复制景象。罗马人建造的宏伟的水道桥，使得城市更加集中。由SINAN和其他奥斯曼建筑师所建造的桥梁星散在乡间，历经数百年，至今雄风不减。各种古文化遗址可谓不胜枚举。安那托利亚内陆的古文明区域，流传着许多相同的传说：富裕的利迪亚国王克利萨斯、点物成金的国王麦德斯和名将亚历山大王。
土耳其原是苏丹统治的君主国，首都在康斯坦丁堡(现伊斯坦布尔)。奥斯曼王朝时期，土耳其帝国版图扩及欧、亚、非三洲。16世纪末开始衰落。20世纪初沦为英、法、德等国的半殖民地。1919年穆斯塔法.凯末尔发动民族资产阶级革命，1922年战胜外来侵略军，1923年10月29日成立土耳其共和国，凯末尔当选总统。1938年11月凯末尔逝世，伊斯美特.伊诺努当选为总统。1950年5月，民主党执政，拜亚尔任总统。1960年5月以古尔塞勒为首的军人集团接管政权，次年古当选总统。1965年和1969年正义党执政。1971年3月组成共和人民党和正义党为主的联合政府。此后政府更迭频繁。1980年9月12日以总参谋长埃夫伦为首的国家安全委员会接管政权，埃夫伦于1982年11月正式就任总统。1989年10月厄扎尔当选第八任总统，11月9日宣誓就职。现届政府总理是苏莱曼.德米雷尔，于1991年11月20日组成第49届内阁。
When discussing history it is always difficult to know from which period
to actually begin. The earlier civilizations of Anatolia cannot be ignored.
Some historians take the advent of the Turks into Anatolia in the 11C
as the "beginning". If this were to be the case then history
is limited to dating from the nomadic Turks.
| 7500 BC | First Stone age settlements at ?atalhüyük |
| 1900-1300 BC | Hittite Empire with Hattusas as capital, contemporary with ancient Egypt and Babylon |
| 1250 BC | The Trojan war and the fall of Troy |
| 1200-700 BC | Migration of Greeks to Aegean coastal regions. Establishment of the Phrygian, Ionian, Lycian, Lydian, Carian and Pamphylian Kingdoms. The East of Turkey is the home of the Urartians |
| 700 BC | Homer is born in Izmir (Smyrna). Aegean Hellenism begins |
| 546 BC | Cyrus the Great leads the Persians into Anatolia |
| 334 BC | Alexander the Great drives out the Persians |
| 130 BC | The Romans incorporate Anatolia as the province of Asia, controlled from Ephesus (Efes) |
| 40 BC | Antioch sees the marriage of Antony and Cleopatra |
| 47-57 AD | St. Paul spreads Christianity and a community at Antioch is established |
| 313 | Roman Empire adopts Christianity |
| 330 | Constantine lays out the boundaries of his new capital, Constantinople |
| 527-65 | Glory of Byzantium under Justinian |
| 638-718 | Muslim Arabs besiege Constantinople |
| 1054 | Greek and Roman Churches split over theology |
| 1071-1243 | Rise and rule of the Selcuk Turks in Anatolia, Konya is their capital |
| 1096-1204 | The Crusades, marking the beginning of the end for Byzantium, a fascinating period in Byzantine history |
| 1288 | Ottoman Empire appears in Bursa |
| 1453 | The fall of Constantinople - the birth of Istanbul |
| 1520-66 | Suleyman the Magnificent sits on the Ottoman throne controlling a huge and powerful empire |
| 1682-1725 | Peter the Great initiates Russo-Turkish rivalry |
| 1854 | Crimean war |
| 1909 | Abdul Hamid, the last of an unbroken line of Ottoman sultans is deposed |
| 1914 | Turkey allies with Germany in the first world war |
| 1915 | Gallipoli |
| 1919 | Ataturk leads resistance to the allied plan to carve up Turkey |
| 1923 | Foundation of the modern Republic of Turkey by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Many things happen all at once |
| 1938 | Ataturk dies in Istanbul's Dolmabahce palace |
| 1939-45 | Turkey manages to remain neutral during the second world war |
| 1946 | Charter membership of the UN |
| 1952 | Turkey joins NATO |
| 1960 | Military coup, successive governments ineffective |
| 1964 | Associate member status of EU |
| 1974 | Cyprus crisis |
| 1980 | Kanan Evren leads military coup. 3 years of military government |
| 1983 | Turgut Ozal elected prime Minister |
| 1985-90 | Full EU membership for Turkey impeded by Cypriot issue and questions over human rights record |
| 1991-93 | Suleyman Demirel elected Prime Minister, inflation at 70% |
| 1993-96 | Demirel President, Tansu Ciller Prime Minister, Turkey joins EU Customs Union |
| 1997-98 | 5 attempts at forming coalition governments, Islamic Welfare party disbanded, reforms as Virtue and is the largest single party in parliament. Military intervenes to prevent Islamicists forming governments. 75th Anniversary of the Turkish Republic (and 15th of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) celebrated. |
The geography landscape 土耳其地理状况
土耳其属于西亚国家。横距亚、欧两大洲，亚洲部分领土占面积96.9%。北临黑海，南濒地中海，西南滨爱琴海，海岸线长3558千米，黑海海峡为国际水运交通要道。
亚洲部分主体为安纳托里亚高原，周围有山脉环绕，全国最高峰大阿勒山海拔5165米。沿涨为低地和平原。
主要河流有底格里斯河和幼发拉底河的上游及其支流。重要湖泊有凡湖、图兹湖等。大部分地区属地中海型气候，从沿海向内陆逐渐过渡为亚热带半干旱草原气候。
土耳其地跨亚、欧两洲，位于地中海和黑海之间。亚洲部分领土位于小亚细亚半岛，占全国总面积的９６. ９％，欧洲部分位于巴尔干半岛东南部，占全国总面积的３. １％，全国总面积约７８万平方公里。东界伊朗，东北邻原苏联，东南与叙利亚、伊拉克接壤，西北和保加利亚、希腊毗连，北滨黑海，西与西南隔地中海与塞浦路斯相望。博斯普鲁斯海峡和达达尼尔海峡以及两海峡间的马尔马拉海，是沟通黑海和地中海的唯一水道，战略位置十分重要。海岸线长３５１８公里。地形东高西低，大部分为高原和山地，仅沿海有狭长平原。沿海地区属亚热带地中海气侯，内陆高原向热带草原和沙漠型气侯过渡。
土耳其濒临地中海与黑海，横跨欧亚两大洲。风貌之佳令人感到美不胜收，就象其地毯一样令人赏心悦目。
土耳其拥有丰富多变的地理环境。由东向西贯穿而行的话，你可体会到它冬季的漫长酷冷，看到处处终年披银盖雪的山岳地带，高地上春季盛开的白桦。你也能体会到凉爽的长夏，看到条条河川潺潺而流。在干草原地带，则绵延连接着光秃秃的小丘和一望无际的小麦田。这麦田随着太阳的照射，时而呈现广阔无垠的紫光绒毯，时而发出灰色光芒，转眼之间又演变成暖色和金灰色，变化多姿。
从北往南走，在连绵高山为屏的黑海海岸一带，温暖苍翠，盛产榛果、玉米和茶。沿着高山峡谷和海边弯弯曲曲的道路，在你眺望奔放如滔的黑海的同时，便进入高原地带。那里又另有一番景色，长满牧草的山坡，空旷的草原和无限的孔亚大平原。之后越过托洛斯山脉的叶树林带，渐渐接近地中海边，便可以观赏到月桂树、百里香等。
REGIONS
Anatolia is divided into 7 geographical regions:
The Black Sea Region is a mountainous area in the north. This region is approximately 1/6 of Turkey's total land mass. It has a steep and rocky coast and rivers cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges. As the Northern Anatolian Mountains run parallel to the coastline access inland from the coast is limited to a few narrow valleys, so the coast
The Marmara Region covers the European part as well as the northwest of the Anatolian plain. It comprises a central plain of rolling terrain surrounded by mountains of moderate height. Although it is the smallest region after Southeastern Anatolia, it has the highest population density. The Marmara region is economically the most developed area of Turkey. Its agriculture is varied, including tobacco, wheat, rice, sunflower, corn, olives, grapes and natural silk. On the straits and coasts of the Marmara Sea fishing is well developed.
The Aegean Region extends from the Aegean coast to the inner parts of Western Anatolia. Forest lands and fertile plains carrying the same names as its rivers are dominant. The lowlands of the Aegean and Marmara Regions contain about half of the country's agricultural wealth in the broad, cultivated valleys, the most important of which are the Izmit Valley, the Bursa Plains and the Plains of Troy. Its wealth rests on the production of several export crops, including tobacco (more
The Mediterranean Region is located in the south of Anatolia. The western and central Taurus Mountains suddenly rise up behind the coastline. Forest lands are dominant here like the Aegean and the Black Sea regions. The region has several subregions: the sparsely populated limestone plateaus of Taseli in the middle; the lake district in the west with its continental climate, where grain is grown; and the intensively cultivated, densely populated coastal plains. The coastal areas produce
The Central Anatolia Region is exactly in the middle of Turkey and is less mountainous when compared to the other regions. This region varies in altitude from 600-1,200 m (1,970-3,940 ft) west to east. Steppes are common. Geologically young volcanic features characterize the landscape. For the most part, the region is bare and monotonous and is used for grazing. But overgrazing has caused soil erosion on the plateau and during frequent summer dust storms a fine yellow powder blows across the plains. One-third of Turkey's sheep and three-quarters of its Angora goats are raised there.
The Eastern Anatolia Region is Anatolia's largest and highest region. Nearly all of the area has an average altitude of 1,500-2,000 m / 4,920-
The Southeastern Anatolia Region is notable for the uniformity
of its landscape. Vast stretches of this region consist only of wild or
barren wasteland. Agriculture is confined mainly to irrigated valleys
and basins (wheat, rice, vegetables, grapes). Much of the population is
nomadic or seminomadic. Turkey's principal oil fields are here.
Places of Interest in Turkey 景点颉英
安卡拉--安那托利亚中部，内夫谢伊尔高原安卡拉安卡拉城市位于安那托利亚中部，海拔850米，位于广阔的安那托利亚高原的东端。安卡拉市是安卡拉地区的中心，这一地区有非常肥沃的麦田，在东北方分布着广阔的森林。这一地区的历史是从青铜器时代的哈梯文明开始，又继承了公元前2000年的西泰特人、公元前10世纪的菲尔吉斯人、利迪亚人、波斯人的文明。
其后，继葛拉特亚人之后，公元前3世纪盖鲁特人在安卡拉建设了最初的首都。安卡拉从那时起就被称为安求拉，是锚的意思，这是热爱海洋的盖鲁特人的盖鲁特语的最古老的单词之一。
这个城市又被罗马帝国，拜占庭帝国，塞尔楚克王朝所占领。阿尔帕斯兰(Alpaslan)于1073年，优鲁多鲁木(Yildirim)、贝亚及兹特(Beyazit)于1402年统治过安卡拉。之后到第一次世界大战鄂图曼土耳其统治了安卡拉。在罗马时代，这里是文化、商业贸易和艺术的中心。鄂图曼时代这里是与东方进行贸易的重要的中继城市。但是到了19世纪，逐渐失去了其重要性。以后，由于凯未尔阿塔土克选择这里作为指挥独立战争的基地，使这一城市又恢复了其重要性。由于在独立战争中安卡拉发挥了重要作用以及其重要的战略地理位置，1923年10月被确定为新建土耳其共和国的首都。
安卡拉是土耳其的首都，但并不是第一大城市。所有外国使节官邸、土耳其著名专上学府、政府枢纽机关等均集中于此。但与伊堡相比，旅游名胜相对少一些。安卡拉的旅游点多集中于Ulus区附近，只须步行，便可到达。
城堡（Hisar/Kale）是安卡拉的主要旅游点，位于旧城的山上，从长途巴士站，或火车站附近（出车站后不用过马路），乘搭16或64号巴士，在山脚下车，车程约10分钟，然后朝着城堡的方向向山走，即可到达。从城堡上可俯瞰安卡拉市的全景。此城堡是由Michael Ⅱ兴建的。
安卡拉是全国的运输交汇点，旅客可在此转乘长途巴士往其他城市，尤其是东南及南面的城市如Lzmir， Konya，Cappadocia，Erzurum等。安卡拉市中心在kiz-ilay
及Yenisehir地区。
Area: 5.712 km
Population: 7.309.190 (1990)
Traffic Code: 34
"There, God and human, nature and art are together, they have
created such a perfect place that it is valuable to see." Lamartine's
famous poetic line reveals his love for Istanbul, describing the embracing
of two continents, with one arm reaching out to Asia and the other to
Europe.
Istanbul, once known as the capital of capital cities, has many unique
features. It is the only city in the world to straddle two continents,
and the only one to have been a capital during two consecutive empires
- Christian and Islamic. Once capital of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul
still remains the commercial, historical and cultural pulse of Turkey,
and its beauty lies in its ability to embrace its contradictions. Ancient
and modern, religious and secular, Asia and Europe, mystical and earthly
all co-exist here.
Its variety is one of Istanbul's greatest attractions: The ancient mosques, palaces, museums and bazaars reflect its diverse history. The thriving shopping area of Taksim buzzes with life and entertainment. And the serene beauty of the Bosphorus, Princes Islands and parks bring a touch of peace to the otherwise chaotic metropolis.
东罗马帝国繁荣时期，君士坦丁大帝将都城迁到黑海之滨、欧亚大陆的交汇处后，就将它命名为君士坦丁堡。当西欧还沉沦在愚昧无知的黑暗时，君士坦丁堡的海上贸易已经非常发达，人口也越来越多，形成了自成一体的文化艺术风格，创造出许多艺术珍品。
公元325年，君士坦丁大帝为供奉智慧之神索非亚，始建圣索非亚大教堂；后受损于战乱。公元537年，查士丁尼皇帝为标榜自己的文功武治进行重建，它作为基督教的宫廷教堂，整整持续了9个世纪。
当奥斯曼土耳其苏丹穆罕默德和他的20万大军陈兵君士坦丁堡城外的时候，距圣索非亚大教堂建成已有将近900年的时间。穆罕默德在战舰上望着城中教堂巨大的拱顶，他发誓要占领君士坦丁堡，将圣索非亚大教堂变成伊斯兰世界的中心。
公元1453年6月，穆罕默德终于走进 了朝思暮想的圣索非亚大教堂。他下令将大教堂改为清真寺，还在周围修建了4个高大的尖塔，这就是今天我们看到的圣索非亚大教堂的面貌。奥斯曼的士兵把豪华的罗马宫殿付之一炬，历代相传的艺术珍品化为灰烬。古城目睹了一种文明对另一种文明的洗劫。不久，奥斯曼土耳其帝国迁都君士坦丁堡，后来这座城市更名为伊斯坦布尔，并一直沿用到现在。
这里是拜占庭的古都，被罗马艺术和东方艺术所渲染。 这里是一个同时拥抱着欧、亚两大洲的名城，
而位于黑海(Kara Deniz)和马尔马拉海(Marmara)之间的波斯普鲁斯海峡(Istanbul Bogazi)及金角弯(Halig)横贯其中。波斯普鲁斯大桥和法第赫
大桥有如亚洲大陆伸出的两只钢铁手臂，将伊斯坦布尔紧紧相系，任凭马尔马拉的洋流蜿蜒而过。 年复一年，日久弥恒。 做为古代三大帝国--罗马帝国、拜占庭帝国以及奥斯曼帝国首都的伊斯坦布尔，保留了辉煌的历史遗产，在为此骄傲的同时放眼于灿烂的未来......
斯坦布尔由于丰富多彩的文化遗迹，使访客着迷，其所拥有的博物馆、教堂、宫殿、清真寺、市场以及美妙的大自然风光，会让人们流连忘返。当夕阳西下时，躇立在波斯普鲁斯海岸边，当看见对岸的户牍在落日余辉的映照下泛出的点点桔红，这时你就会深深理解若干世纪前的人们为何选择了这样一个非凡的地方，也会由衷地感叹伊斯坦布尔无愧为世界上最美丽的城市。
全国最大城市。位于博斯普鲁斯海峡西岸，正当亚欧交通要冲 。人口居全国首位，近600万。始建于公元前七世纪，称拜占庭。公元330年为东罗马帝国(拜占庭帝国)的首都，改名为君士坦丁堡，1453年改今名。市内有举世闻名的云塔清真寺(又称蓝色清真寺)、阿亚索菲亚清真寺、托普卡珀宫等。伊斯坦布尔又是全国最大港口和运输、贸易、文化中心。街市白玉路，是欧洲式建筑地带，拥有现代化的大饭店和大商店。烟草、纺织、船舶修理、制糖、面粉、皮革、玻璃、汽车、水泥等工业均较发达。工人人数占全国总数的50%左右，生产总值占全国的51.5%。伊斯坦布尔还是全国进出口贸易中心，全国50%的进口、15%的出口都是通过该市的港口进行的。城市设有3所大学和各种类型的博物馆。
Area : 11.973 km
Population : 2.694.770 (1990)
Traffic Code : 35
Izmir is the third biggest city in Turkey with a population of around 2.5 million, the second biggest port after Istanbul, and a good transport hub. Once the ancient city of Smyrna, it is now a modern, developed, and busy commercial centre, set around a huge bay and surrounded by mountains and was.
The broad boulevards, glass-fronted buildings and modern shopping centres
are dotted with traditional red-tiled roofs, the 18th century market,
and old mosques and churches, although the city has an atmosphere more
of Mediterranean Europe than traditional Turkey.
The climate is comfortable, with a relatively mild summer due to the refreshing breeze from the Aegean. The long attractive palm-fringed promenade, Birince Kordon, which stretches the entire length of the city up to the Alsancak Ferry Terminal, is a popular spot for evening walks, and there are many cafes along the waterfront. Izmir has a good selection of culture and entertainment, from the Archaeological and Ethnographic Museums, to the Izmir State Opera and Ballet and Izmir State Symphony Orchestra, to the many bars and clubs. The cosmopolitan and lively city gets even busier during the International Izmir Festival (mid-June to mid-July) with music and dance, with performances also in nearby Cesme and Ephesus.
全国第三大城。位于爱琴海东岸，旧名士麦那。人口130万，自古该城便是爱琴海沿岸农业区的中心，全国重要出口港，输出水果、烟草、羊毛、葡萄干、地毯等。炼油厂和现代化纺织厂均很大。众多的食品加工厂，以及制革、烟草、染料、化工、水泥、服装等工业均设在这里。伊兹密尔交通方便，有铁路干线通往国内各大城市。伊兹密尔市区清洁整齐，高楼林立。还保留着众多的名胜古迹，如古钟楼，15世纪的希萨尔清真寺，以及世界古代七大奇迹之一的阿耳忒弥神庙遗迹，等等。
以"美丽的伊兹密尔"著称于土耳其的这个都市，气候温和，夏日时吹拂不息的清爽海风柔和了热烈的太阳。沿着海岸，那条以椰子树矗立两旁的步行道和马路一直伸延出去，延至尽头是一个被建成拾级而上的小的城。这个称为土耳其的第三大都市伊兹密尔，有着仅次于伊斯坦堡的巨大海港。这里国际交往频繁，全年充满活力，在国际艺术节（6月／7月）和国际伊兹密尔节（8月／9月）期间，更是把伊兹米尔的气氛推至最高潮。
Area: 13.338 km
Population: 562.809 (1990)
Traffic Code : 48
The province of Mugla is located at the south of the Aegean Region and is founded at the skirts of the Asar (Hisar) Mountain spreading towards the plain and is a beautiful and clean tourism paradise with its original architecture, whitewashed walls, red roof tiled roofs, authentic chimneys and narrow streets.
Population : 1.132.211 (1990)
Traffic Code : 07
Because of the archaeological and natural riches of the area, Antalya
is also known as the Turkish Riviera. The sun, sea, nature and history
combine to form a very popular resort, highlighted by some of the cleanest
beaches in the Mediterranean. The 630km shoreline of the province is liberally
scattered with ancient cities, harbours, memorial tombs and beaches, secluded
coves and lush forests, many of which are easily accessible from the city.
With its palm-lined boulevard, internationally-acclaimed marina, and old castle with traditional architecture, all set amidst a modern city, Antalya is a major tourist centre in Turkey. In addition to the wide selection of hotels, restaurants, bars, nightclubs and shops, the city also plays host to a number of sporting events throughout the year, like International Beach Volleyball, triathlon, golf tournaments, archery, tennis and canoeing competitions. The Cultural Centre, which opened in 1995, hosts cultural and art events in the fields of music, theatre, and creative arts. The main area of interest in the city is central old quarter within the Roman walls, known as Kaleici, and there are many good museums.
民风民俗
婚俗
土耳其是穆斯林国家，伊斯兰教允许一夫多妻制。凯末尔革命后，法律禁止一夫多妻制。现在是一夫多妻与一夫一妻并存。对正式的、非宗教的结婚仪式不重视，而由教长主持的穆斯林仪式的婚礼则相当隆重。
农村和小城镇买卖婚姻仍然存在。抢来的婚姻屡见不鲜，往往是男青年把自己的意中人抢走藏起来。被抢的姑娘会被人们看作不洁的女人。等到姑娘的父亲成为外公时，两家的关系也就和解了。在土耳其，还有一种"劳役婚姻"，即家境贫困的男青年由于拿不起结婚聘金，常去当"入赘女婿"，在未来的岳父家服二、三年劳役后，再行结婚。土耳其还存在着一种两家互相交换新娘的婚俗。男青年家有已到结婚年龄的妹妹，他所看中的姑娘又有兄弟，在这种情况下可以实行换婚，在土耳其农村也流行弟弟娶兄长遗霜为妻的婚俗。因为寡妇再嫁是得不到聘金的，而且也避免寡妇外嫁带走家中的土地、牲畜和财产。在土耳其，有些地方婚礼要持续好几天，另一些地方，结婚仪式又非常简单文雅。前者主要是在农村一些地方。
骆驼斗
土耳其骆驼格斗每年要举行两次，都是在雄骆发情的季节，格斗前，除了用饼喂骆驼外，还要用兑上酒精的水给它们喝。还不能让它接近异性，使其在斗前完全处于疯狂壮态。格斗开始前将一只雌驼带入场内，将要参加格斗的雄驼都想摆脱束缚冲向雌驼。然而雌驼却又被带出场外。使雄驼越发暴怒。在此情况下，两头雄驼相遇，分外眼红，于是互相拚命踢撞，直到一头雄驼把另一头雄驼踩在脚下，不能起来为止。每逢骆驼格斗季节，境内热闹非凡。
土耳其沐浴
在蒸汽浴罩的浴室里，用毛巾围在腰间，躺在大理石的平台上，让身体出汗。之后会有服务员进行按摩，然后到另一房间，戴上粗毛的手套，擦洗全身的污垢。这就是历史悠久的土耳其浴，游客一定要体验。男女浴室各有男女服务员为您服务。
Culture & Climate & Food
Being 'Turkish' seems to be a geographical label as much as anything else. Everybody and their uncle have been through Anatolia in the last 5000 years and the result is a rich and diverse culture, drawing on influences beyond analysis. It's important however to remember that you're essentially dealing with a modern Turkey that is less than 100 years old.
1998 sees the celebration of the 75th anniversary
of the founding of the Turkish Republic, an event which almost all Turks,
no matter what their political beliefs, see as the point at which the
idea of 'Turkey' was preserved and the country as a whole brought into
the 20th Century. In conversation with Turks you'll often hear the newness
or youth of the country referred to as the reason for many things you'll
remark upon.
99% of Turks are Muslim. Turkey is however a militantly secular country
a nd life here is far removed from that under fundamentalist regimes.
This is a key factor if you want to achieve any understanding of the way
that politics and society work here. At times you'll forget that you're
in an Islamic country and only be reminded next time you hear the call
to prayer, broadc ast through a dodgy PA system from the nearest mosque.
The mix of cultural influences and traditions here is one of the things
that draws tourists to the country and, well, come and see for yourself.
It is also important to realise that Turkey is a country undergoing radical changes, and has been for the last century. Urbanisation and migration from the troubled east to the more developed west are changing the character of the towns and the rural areas and bringing a truckload of social problems with them.
Turkey's position, both geographically and politically, makes it a key player in relations between Europe and the middle east. Turks themselves like to distance themselves from the Islamic block to their east and certainly do not perceive themselves as Arab. Their is a tradition, founded by Ataturk, of looking west in terms of political and social reform but the recent refusal of the EEC to make more than token gestures towards considering Turkey for membership may have done much to convince Turks that this road will not be open to them for some time. The peculiar role played by the army in moderating Turkey's democratic process coupled with human rights concerns, the Cyprus issue and the continuing armed struggle in the East provide serious obstacles, in the eyes of the West at any rate, to Turkey playing the role in Europe that it wishes.
Turkey will, however, continue to look for ways to expand her influence, with the roads to the East and the West temporarily blocked this leaves the Turkic block, recently exposed by the collapse of the Soviet Union, and it is here perhaps that Turkey will find a role as a regional superpower. The exploitation of this regions natural resources will be hard to achieve without Turkey's involvement and cooperation and natural gas and oil projects are under way.
Climate
Turkey's climate is going as crazy as everybody else's but it's still fairly reliable. The last couple of springs have been much wetter than usual, in Anatolia anyway, but on the whole you can pretty much guarantee blue skies, sunshine and warm water on the South Coast in the summer. The coastal areas in general have mild winters and good summers, the southern coast hitting the high 30's in June and hanging around in a holiday mood until well into the autumn. The Black Sea coast follows along about 10 degrees behind. Inland it's a different story with the Anatolian plateau suffering extremes of heat and cold related to it's altitude and the surrounding topography.
This winter we've started to see some particularly heavy rain on the
south coast and subsequent flooding has made the news. I guess this is
just part of that global climate change that we haven't talked about much
for a while. In case you're not sure what the difference between climate
and weather is...
The climate is the atmospheric conditions that we expect and the weather is what we get.
Food
Food in tourist areas of Turkey can be disappointing. The worst thing to do is to try and eat as you would as if you were at home. While many small restaurants and cafes will try to cater to European palates the results are usually uninspired. There are, of course, exceptions to this trend but on the whole eating 'International Cuisine' means paying too much for something that may look right but probably doesn't taste the way you thought it would.
If you get at all off the beaten track then you're going to be eating Turkish food. Most of the time this is a good thing. Many guide books will tell you that Turkey has one of the world's 3 great cuisines. This is probably true but it's unlikely that you'll get to sample much of it for yourself. The great dishes of Ottoman tradition tend to rely on a house full of women at home all day with nothing to do but prepare intricate and subtle dishes. You'll probably only sample Turkish cuisine at this level if you're prepared to pay for it, or, if you're invited into peoples homes.
What you will find however is enough variety to keep you interested
for a couple of weeks. Turkey has some great street food and if you find
a good restaurant then you'll enjoy the freshest of ingredients prepared
with care.
A quick run down of the forms of eating available might be helpful:
· Street Food - This covers
the majority of kebaps, lahmacun, pide and an assortment of burgers and
sandwiches. Things you can eat quickly and cheaply and available wherever
2 or more are gathered together.
· Lokantas - Usually cheap Turkish restaurants serving pre-cooked
food kept warm over burners. Most night bus stopovers carry dishes of
this type and although they may not look great they're often pretty good.
· Iskembe joints - Iskembe is a tripe based soup that claims to prevent hangovers as long as you eat it at 3:00am. In any large town or city there will be somebody selling Iskembe when you need it.
· Restaurants - In all the areas frequented by tourists you'll find general purpose restaurants serving Turkish food and dishes influenced by European and American tastes. It will probably be worth your while to seek out the more authentic places. Not necessarily very easy in places like Marmaris or Kusadasi. You're going to be petitioned by waiters as you walk past anyway and this doesn't make it any easier to take your time. Anywhere selling food has to post a price list, by law, and as long as you know how much you're going to be paying it's difficult to be ripped off.
· Fish Restaurants - In Istanbul, Ankara, other big cities and, of course, on the coast, you'll find some good fish restaurants. The general idea is that you start with hot or cold Meze (starters) and then move on to a plate of fish. Not cheap, especially compared to the street price of fish, but usually pretty good. The safest situation to drink raki in.
土耳其的饮食文化丝毫不逊于中国，加上它那极富民族特色的风味佳肴更令人回味无穷，以下是土耳其美食一点简介：
拉克：
又叫狮子奶，是由榨出葡萄汁后的葡萄皮再蒸馏得出的高酒精度饮品，初看上去像俄国伏特加一样 透明，但一加水就变浊，喝的时候有点甘甜，易入喉，味道醇美。
卡八：
在土耳其，各种烤肉料理都叫做"卡八"，但最有名的叫"多纳卡八"，就是"回旋式"烤肉的意思。还有一种俗称土耳其汉堡的"考夫特"肉饼，肉优汁也香，它的味道比巴西烤肉还要好。
红茶：
土耳其人对茶可谓情有独钟，爱喝茶的习惯源自中国，所以土耳其语的茶也叫cha，土耳其茶馆有风味十足的提茶盘、红茶杯，让茶馆服务员提着四处送茶。街头流动茶摊也很有趣，等车来杯茶、等人也可以路边小桌椅坐坐等送茶，总而言之，cha！cha！cha！
葡萄酒：
其实人类种植葡萄和酿葡萄始于土耳其，是土耳其人很自豪之处，卡帕多起亚地区产的葡萄更是最知名的，佐餐来杯酒神的恩惠，贴近最多的土耳其风味。
梅泽：
梅泽是前菜的意思，种类繁多，可以是鱼类、肉类，也可以是蔬菜而且可以是冷菜，也可以是温的料理；共同点是多浇上香浓地道的橄榄油或番茄及茄子。
派德：
派德是土耳其人吃梅泽、卡八的主食，常见的有像山东大饼一样咬劲十足的派德、切成丁块呈深褐色的碎派德、烤出炉膨胀得像小山，一撕开就平扁下来的膨派德，还有家庭小吃，犹如小比萨，但没有乳酪的"起马勒派德"。
沙拉特：
土耳其是肉食者的天堂，蔬菜也鲜美，代表性的季节沙拉"萨拉特"，用的都是新鲜的蔬菜，如红薯、小黄瓜等，再淋上土耳其自产的优质橄榄油，清脆爽口；
土耳其的番茄特别好吃，多汁又软硬适度，吃多少个都不腻，是土耳其的首选疏果。
IAESTE Turkey 爱因斯特土耳其
官方网站地址，有英语和土耳其语言版本